News

1. Azo Dyes (Containing -N=N- Bonds)

• Toxicity:
  • Some release carcinogenic aromatic amines (e.g., benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl) when degraded.
  • Linked to bladder cancer, skin allergies, and mutations.
• Common Use: Cheap, vibrant colors in cotton, polyester, and leather.
• Regulations: Banned in the EU (REACH Annex XVII) but still used in some countries.

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2. Disperse Dyes (Used on Polyester & Synthetics)

• Toxicity:
  • Contain allergens and mutagens (e.g., Disperse Orange 1, Disperse Blue 1).
  • Non-biodegradable, accumulating in water bodies.
• Health Impact: Skin irritation, respiratory issues, and potential hormone disruption.

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3. Chrome (Cr⁶⁺) Mordant Dyes (For Wool & Silk)

• Toxicity:
  • Hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) is highly carcinogenic and toxic to aquatic life.
  • Causes DNA damage, kidney failure, and lung cancer.
• Regulations: Restricted under EU REACH but still used in some leather tanning.

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4. Sulfur Dyes (For Dark Shades on Cotton)

• Toxicity:
  • Release sulfides and heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury) during production.
  • Can form toxic hydrogen sulfide gas in wastewater.
• Environmental Impact: Pollutes water, harms aquatic ecosystems.

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5. Heavy Metal-Based Dyes (Cadmium, Lead, Mercury)

• Toxicity:
  • Cadmium (Cd): Carcinogenic, damages kidneys and bones.
  • Lead (Pb): Neurotoxic, affects child development.
  • Mercury (Hg): Causes neurological disorders.
• Common Use: Bright pigments in prints and coatings.

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6. Formaldehyde-Releasing Dyes (For Wrinkle Resistance)

• Toxicity:
  • Releases formaldehyde, a known carcinogen (IARC Group 1).
  • Causes skin burns, asthma, and cancer in workers.
• Common Use: “Permanent press” fabrics.