Polymer Chemistry
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Category：Chemical Additives Own Brand：MT /MOQ:100KG /From China/ B2B only.
Introduction
Polymer Materials: Structure and Fundamentals
1. Definition & Key Concepts
- Polymers are macromolecules composed of repeating structural units (monomers) linked by covalent bonds.
- Molecular Weight: Typically ranges from 10⁴ to 10⁶ g/mol, distinguishing them from small-molecule compounds.
- Example:
- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is formed by repeating **–CH₂–CHCl–** units derived from vinyl chloride (CH₂=CHCl) monomers.
2. Basic Terminology
| Term | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Monomer | Small molecule that polymerizes to form a polymer. | Ethylene (C₂H₄) → Polyethylene (PE). |
| Structural Unit (Repeat Unit) | The smallest repeating segment in a polymer chain. | **–CH₂–CHCl–** in PVC. |
| Degree of Polymerization (DP) | Number of repeat units in a polymer chain. | PVC with DP = 1000 has 1000 **–CH₂–CHCl–** units. |
3. Classification of Polymers
- By Origin
- Natural Polymers: Cellulose, proteins, DNA.
- Synthetic Polymers: PVC, polyethylene (PE), nylon.
- By Structure
- Linear Polymers: Single-chain structure (e.g., HDPE).
- Branched Polymers: Side chains attached (e.g., LDPE).
- Cross-linked Polymers: 3D network (e.g., vulcanized rubber).
- By Polymerization Mechanism
- Addition Polymers (Chain-growth): PE, PP, PVC.
- Condensation Polymers (Step-growth): Nylon, PET.
4. Polymer Synthesis Methods
| Method | Process | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Addition Polymerization | Monomers add sequentially without byproducts. | PVC from vinyl chloride. |
| Condensation Polymerization | Monomers react with byproduct release (e.g., H₂O). | Nylon-6,6 from adipic acid + hexamethylenediamine. |
5. Properties & Applications
| Property | Impact | Application Example |
|---|---|---|
| High Strength-to-Weight Ratio | Light yet durable. | Packaging films, automotive parts. |
| Chemical Resistance | Inert to acids, solvents. | Chemical storage tanks (PP, PTFE). |
| Flexibility/Thermoplasticity | Moldable when heated. | PVC pipes, PET bottles. |
| Insulation | Non-conductive. | Wire coatings, circuit boards. |
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