PHOSPHORUS FLAME RETARDANTS
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Category：Paint chemicals Own Brand：MT /MOQ:100KG /From China/ B2B only.
Introduction
Phosphorus flame retardants are phosphate ester non-halogenated flame retardants, which are mainly used as non-halogenated (GREEN) flame retardants for various engineering plastics, rubbers and printed circuit boards.
PHOSPHORUS FLAME RETARDANTS: TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
| Category | Specifications |
|---|---|
| Chemical Type | Organic & inorganic phosphorus compounds |
| Common Examples | TCPP, TPP, RDP, APP |
| Mechanism | Gas-phase radical quenching & char formation |
| Efficiency | 20-30% loading in polymers |
Key Properties
| Property | Performance Data |
|---|---|
| Thermal Stability | 200-300°C (decomposition) |
| LOI Improvement | +5-15% (vs. non-FR polymer) |
| UL94 Rating | V-0 achievable (1.6mm) |
| Hydrolysis Resistance | Variable (APP > TCPP > TPP) |
Applications
| Industry | Typical Use |
|---|---|
| Electronics | PCB laminates |
| Construction | PU foams, cables |
| Textiles | Back-coatings |
| Automotive | Interior parts |
Comparison Table
| Type | TCPP | TPP | APP |
|---|---|---|---|
| State | Liquid | Liquid | Solid |
| P Content | 9% | 9% | 30% |
| Water Sol. | Low | Low | High |
Types of PFRs
| Type | Examples | Key Feature |
|---|---|---|
| Organic Phosphates | Triphenyl phosphate | High compatibility with polymers |
| Phosphonates | Dimethyl methylphosphonate | Excellent thermal stability |
| Phosphinates | Aluminum diethylphosphinate | Synergistic with other FRs |
| Red Phosphorus | Amorphous red phosphorus | High phosphorus content (90%) |
Advantages vs. Limitations
| Advantages | Limitations |
|---|---|
| Lower toxicity vs. halogens | May reduce mechanical properties |
| Form stable char layers | Higher cost than conventional FRs |
| Work in both gas/condensed phases | Potential plasticizer migration |
Application Areas
Major Industrial Uses
| Industry | Application | Common PFRs Used |
|---|---|---|
| Electronics | Circuit boards, connectors | Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) |
| Construction | Insulation foams, cables | Ammonium polyphosphate |
| Automotive | Seat foams, composites | Aluminum phosphinate blends |
| Textiles | Protective clothing | Phosphonate oligomers |
Mechanisms of Action
Condensed Phase: Promotes char formation through dehydration reactions
Gas Phase: Releases PO• radicals to interrupt combustion chain reactions
Thermal Barrier: Forms protective glassy phosphate layers
References:
- Fire Retardant Materials (Horrocks, 2001)
- UL 94 Standard
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