Chemical Additives

Paracetamol is the most commonly used non-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic drug. Its antipyretic effect is similar to aspirin, and its analgesic effect is weak. It has no anti-inflammatory and anti rheumatic effects. It is the best variety of acetanilide drugs. Especially suitable for patients who cannot use carboxylic acid drugs. Used for cold, toothache and other diseases. Acetaminophen is also an organic synthesis intermediate, a stabilizer of hydrogen peroxide, and a photographic chemical.,Disclaimer: The above content is for reference and communication only among industry insiders, and does not guarantee its accuracy or completeness. According to relevant laws and regulations and the regulations of this website, units or individuals who purchase related items should obtain valid qualifications and qualification conditions.

Introduction

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug with minimal anti-inflammatory effects. It is commonly employed for pain relief and fever reduction in both adults and children. Below are five detailed tables summarizing its properties, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and safety considerations.

Basic Chemical & Physical Properties

Property	Specification	Test Method
Chemical name	N-acetyl-p-aminophenol	IUPAC nomenclature
Molecular formula	C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>9</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>	Chemical analysis
Molecular weight	151.16 g/mol	Mass spectrometry
Melting point	168–172°C	DSC/TGA analysis
Solubility in water	14 mg/mL (25°C)	USP solubility test

Pharmacokinetic Properties

Parameter	Value/Range	Remarks
Bioavailability	~80% (oral)	Dose-dependent
Protein binding	10–25%	Low affinity
Metabolism	Hepatic (CYP2E1. CYP3A4)	Forms glucuronide/sulfate conjugates
Half-life (t<sub>½</sub>)	1–4 hours	Prolonged in liver disease
Excretion	Urine (90%)	Mostly as metabolites

Therapeutic Indications & Dosage

Application	Adult Dose (Oral)	Pediatric Dose
Mild-to-moderate pain	500–1000 mg every 4–6 hrs	10–15 mg/kg/dose (max 75 mg/kg/day)
Fever reduction	325–650 mg every 4–6 hrs	10–15 mg/kg/dose (max 5 doses/day)
Maximum daily dose	4000 mg (healthy adults)	60 mg/kg/day (children)

Adverse Effects & Toxicity

Effect	Risk Level	Management
Hepatotoxicity	High (overdose)	N-acetylcysteine (NAC) antidote
Skin reactions (e.g., SJS)	Rare	Discontinue immediately
Gastrointestinal upset	Low	Take with food if needed
Renal toxicity	Rare (chronic overuse)	Hydration & monitoring

Drug Interactions

Interacting Drug	Effect	Recommendation
Warfarin	↑ INR (bleeding risk)	Monitor coagulation
Alcohol (chronic use)	↑ Hepatotoxicity risk	Avoid excessive intake
CYP450 inducers (e.g., rifampin)	↓ Paracetamol efficacy	Adjust dose if needed
Opioids (e.g., codeine)	Enhanced analgesia	Monitor for sedation

Conclusion

Paracetamol remains a first-line treatment for pain and fever due to its efficacy and safety at recommended doses. However, overdose can cause severe liver damage, necessitating strict adherence to dosing guidelines.

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