Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Mechanism of Action: It works by inhibiting the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in the kidneys, reducing glucose reabsorption and increasing its excretion through urine, thereby lowering blood glucose levels.

Medical Uses: Canagliflozin is used to improve glycemic control in adults with T2DM. It can also help with weight management and may offer cardiovascular benefits.

Side Effects: Common side effects include low blood sugar (when used with other diabetes medications), increased risk of urinary and genital infections, and increased urination. Long-term use may increase fracture risk and affect kidney function.

Precautions: Regular monitoring of blood glucose, kidney function, and bone density is recommended. Patients should maintain good hygiene to reduce infection risk.

Storage: Store at room temperature and protect from moisture

Property	Details
Chemical Name	Canagliflozin
CAS Number	842133 – 18 – 0
Molecular Formula	\(C_{24}H_{25}FO_5S\)
Molecular Weight	450.52
Molecular Structure	It is a complex organic compound. Canagliflozin contains a tricyclic structure with a fluorine atom, a sulfonyl group, and an ether – linked sugar – like moiety. The structure allows it to interact with specific transporters in the body.
Appearance	Usually appears as a white to off – white solid powder.
Solubility	Sparingly soluble in water. Solubility in organic solvents such as ethanol and DMSO is relatively better. This solubility characteristic needs to be considered during the formulation of pharmaceutical products.
Pharmacological Class	Sodium – glucose co – transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor.
Mechanism of Action	Canagliflozin works by inhibiting the SGLT2 in the proximal renal tubules. This transporter is responsible for reabsorbing approximately 90% of the filtered glucose from the glomerular filtrate back into the bloodstream. By blocking SGLT2, Canagliflozin reduces glucose reabsorption, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion. This, in turn, lowers blood glucose levels without relying on insulin secretion.
Medical Applications	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Approved for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It helps to control blood sugar levels and can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic agents such as metformin, sulfonylureas, or insulin. By reducing hyperglycemia, it may also contribute to improvements in other diabetes – related parameters like glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels.
Stability	Stable under normal storage conditions, typically at room temperature in a dry environment. However, like many drugs, exposure to high humidity, extreme temperatures, or strong light sources over an extended period may lead to degradation and a loss of potency.
Safety Considerations	Common side effects include genital mycotic infections (due to increased glucose in the urine providing a favorable environment for fungal growth), urinary tract infections, polyuria (increased urination), and thirst. There is also a risk of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis, although it is relatively rare. Canagliflozin may also increase the risk of bone fractures and lower limb amputations in some patients, and it can cause hypotension, especially in those at risk of volume depletion. Additionally, it may interact with other medications, such as diuretics, which can further increase the risk of volume – related adverse effects.

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