Adsorbent
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Category：Chemical Additives Own Brand：MT /MOQ:100KG /From China/ B2B only.
Introduction
Adsorbents: Principles and Applications
1. Definition & Core Mechanism
- Adsorbents are porous materials that capture and retain molecules, ions, or particles (adsorbates) on their surfaces via physical adsorption (van der Waals forces) or chemical adsorption (covalent/ionic bonding).
- Key Factors:
- Surface Area: Higher area = more adsorption sites (e.g., activated carbon: 500–1500 m²/g).
- Pore Size: Micropores (<2 nm) trap small molecules; mesopores (2–50 nm) aid diffusion.
- Surface Chemistry: Functional groups (e.g., –OH, –COOH) enhance selectivity.
2. Common Types of Adsorbents
| Type | Examples | Key Properties |
|---|---|---|
| Activated Carbon | Coconut shell, coal-based | High porosity, excels in VOC/organic removal. |
| Zeolites | 3A, 4A, 13X molecular sieves | Uniform pores, ion-exchange capacity. |
| Silica Gel | Amorphous SiO₂ | Hydrophilic, used for moisture control. |
| Alumina | Activated Al₂O₃ | Polar surface, removes fluoride/arsenic. |
| Polymeric Resins | Amberlite, XAD series | Chemically tailored for organics/metals. |
| Clay Minerals | Bentonite, Kaolin | Low-cost, cationic dye adsorption. |
3. Adsorption Mechanisms
- Physical Adsorption (Physisorption)
- Weak forces (e.g., van der Waals), reversible, multilayer formation.
- Example: Activated carbon capturing benzene from water.
- Chemical Adsorption (Chemisorption)
- Strong covalent/ionic bonds, often irreversible.
- Example: Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles binding heavy metals (Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺).
4. Industrial & Environmental Applications
- Water Treatment
- Heavy Metal Removal: Alumina for arsenic, chitosan for Cu²⁺.
- Organic Pollutants: Activated carbon filters for pesticides/PPCPs.
- Air Purification
- VOC Abatement: Zeolites in industrial scrubbers.
- CO₂ Capture: Amine-functionalized adsorbents (e.g., MOFs).
- Gas Separation
- PSA Systems: Zeolite 5A for N₂/O₂ separation.
- Medical & Food
- Toxin Removal: Activated charcoal in poison treatment.
- Decolorization: Bone char in sugar refining.
5. Advantages & Limitations
| Advantages | Challenges |
|---|---|
| High selectivity for target contaminants | Saturation requires regeneration/replacement. |
| No harmful byproducts (vs. chemical precipitation) | Slow kinetics for large-scale flow systems. |
| Reusable (e.g., thermal/reactivation of carbon) | Cost of advanced materials (e.g., MOFs). |
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