Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

CAS NO：71751-41-2

Abamectin Introduction

Item	Details
Basic Information	Abamectin, with the CAS number 71751 – 41 – 2. is a macrocyclic lactone derivative. Its chemical formula is C₄₈H₇₂O₁₄. It exists as a mixture of related compounds, mainly Avermectin B1a and a smaller amount of Avermectin B1b. Abamectin is a colorless to white – off powder with a faint characteristic odor. It has very low solubility in water but is soluble in many organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and dimethylformamide. Its structure contains a large macrocyclic ring with several sugar – like moieties attached, which is crucial for its biological activity.
Production and Preparation	Abamectin is produced through fermentation of the soil – dwelling actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis. The fermentation process is carefully controlled, including parameters such as temperature, pH, and nutrient supply. After fermentation, the abamectin – containing broth is subjected to separation and purification steps. These typically involve extraction with organic solvents, filtration, and chromatographic techniques to isolate and purify the abamectin components. The final product may be further formulated into various forms, such as emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, or suspensions, for different applications.
Applications	1. Agricultural Pesticide: – Insect Control: Abamectin is widely used as an insecticide. It is highly effective against a broad range of insects, including mites, leafminers, thrips, and certain caterpillars. It acts by binding to the glutamate – gated chloride channels in the insect nervous system. This binding leads to an increase in chloride ion influx, hyperpolarization of the nerve cells, and ultimately paralysis and death of the insect. For example, in fruit orchards, it can be used to control spider mites that damage fruit trees. – Nematicide: It also has nematicidal properties. Abamectin can be used to control nematodes in soil, which are pests that can damage the roots of many plants. By interfering with the nematodes’ nervous system, it can reduce their population and prevent root damage, thus improving plant growth and yield. 2. Veterinary Medicine: – Parasite Control in Animals: In veterinary medicine, abamectin is used to control internal and external parasites in livestock and pets. It can be used to treat parasitic infections such as heartworm in dogs, as well as mange mites and lice in cattle, sheep, and pigs. Similar to its action in insects, it targets the nervous system of parasites, leading to their paralysis and elimination from the host animal. 3. Aquaculture: – Parasite Control in Fish: Abamectin can be used in aquaculture to control parasites in fish. For example, it can be used to treat fish for sea lice infestations. Sea lice are a major problem in salmon farming, and abamectin can help reduce the lice population, improving the health and growth of farmed fish.
Quality and Safety Considerations	1. Toxicity to Non – target Organisms: Abamectin can be toxic to non – target organisms. For example, it can be harmful to beneficial insects such as bees. When used in agricultural fields, care must be taken to avoid spraying during the time when bees are active. It can also be toxic to aquatic organisms if it enters water bodies. Therefore, proper application rates and methods are crucial to minimize environmental impact. 2. Residue Concerns: There are concerns about abamectin residues in food products. In agricultural and veterinary applications, it is important to follow the recommended withdrawal times to ensure that the levels of abamectin residues in food products are within the safe limits set by regulatory authorities. High levels of residues can pose a risk to human health. 3. Human Toxicity: Although abamectin has a relatively low acute toxicity to humans, long – term or high – level exposure can cause adverse effects. Inhalation or skin contact with abamectin formulations can lead to symptoms such as eye and skin irritation, respiratory problems, and in severe cases, neurological effects. Workers handling abamectin should use appropriate protective equipment.
Differences from Corn Starch	1. Chemical Structure and Nature: Corn starch is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units. Abamectin is a macrocyclic lactone derivative with a complex structure involving a large ring and sugar – like moieties. The chemical nature and structure of abamectin are very different from the simple sugar – based structure of corn starch. 2. Solubility and Physical State: Corn starch is insoluble in cold water and forms a gel when heated in water. Abamectin has very low solubility in water but is soluble in organic solvents. Their physical states are similar in that they are both powders, but their solubility characteristics are completely different. 3. Function and Applications: Corn starch has a wide range of applications in the food, pharmaceutical, textile, and paper industries, mainly due to its thickening, binding, and sizing properties. Abamectin is primarily used as a pesticide in agriculture, for parasite control in veterinary medicine, and in aquaculture. Its function is related to its pesticidal and anthelmintic properties, which are very different from the industrial uses of corn starch. 4. Production and Source: Corn starch is produced from corn kernels through a series of physical and chemical separation processes. Abamectin is produced through the fermentation of a specific actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis. The production methods and sources are distinct. 5. Safety and Environmental Impact: Corn starch – related safety concerns are mainly about allergic reactions, microbial contamination, and the safety of modified starches. Abamectin has issues related to toxicity to non – target organisms, residue concerns in food products, and human toxicity. The nature of their safety and environmental impact aspects is quite different.

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