Chemical Additives

Citicoline sodium can gradually restore the function of limbs in hemiplegia caused by cerebral stroke, and can also be used for other functional and consciousness disorders caused by acute injury of the central nervous system, as well as ischemic cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia.

Category	Details
Chemical Formula	C₁₄H₂₆N₄NaO₁₁P₂ (Sodium salt of cytidine-5′-diphosphocholine)
Pharmacological Class	Neuroprotective agent – Enhances phospholipid biosynthesis in neurons
Primary Indications	– Cerebrovascular accidents: Post-stroke recovery – Cognitive impairment: Alzheimer’s, vascular dementia – Head trauma: TBI rehabilitation – Glaucoma: Neuroprotective adjunct
Mechanism of Action	– Phospholipid precursor: Increases neuronal membrane synthesis – Acetylcholine precursor: Boosts cholinergic neurotransmission – Antioxidant: Reduces free radical damage
Pharmacokinetics	– Bioavailability: ~15% (oral) – Half-life: 1.5-3 hours – Metabolism: Hydrolyzed to choline/cytidine – Excretion: Renal (70-80%)
Dosage Forms	– Tablets: 500mg, 1000mg – Injections: 500mg/2mL, 1000mg/4mL – Oral solution: 50mg/mL
Administration	– Acute phase: IV infusion (1000mg/day) – Maintenance: Oral (500-2000mg/day) – Duration: 6-12 weeks (clinical trials)
Adverse Effects	– Mild: Headache, GI disturbance – Rare: Allergic reactions, hypotension – Long-term: Not established (limited data >6 months)
Drug Interactions	– Synergistic: Levodopa, donepezil – Caution: Anticholinergics (additive effects) – Monitor: Warfarin (theoretical interaction)
Regulatory Status	– FDA: Dietary supplement (NDIN 883) – EMA: Orphan drug designation (2008) – Japan: Approved for dementia (2011)
Market Trends	– Aging populations: Rising demand for cognitive enhancers – Combination therapies: With cholinesterase inhibitors – Emerging markets: Asia-Pacific growth (2023-2028 CAGR ~7.2%)

Note: Clinically studied for neuroplasticity enhancement. Requires controlled trials to validate long-term efficacy in chronic neurodegeneration.

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